Performing Operations

Arithmetic in other bases follows the same principles as base-10, with adjustments for carrying and borrowing.

• Addition: Sum digits column by column. If the sum in a column is greater than or equal to the base $n$, divide the sum by $n$. The remainder is the digit for that column, and the quotient is carried to the next column.
• Subtraction: If you need to borrow, you take 1 from the next higher place value and add the base $n$ to the current column.
• Multiplication: Use the FOILing method, but perform all calculations in base-10 and then convert each step's result (and carry) back to the target base.